Theory of Crime: Biological and Sociological

1. Biological Theories of Crime

1.1 Lombroso’s Born Criminal

Theory: some people are born with strong, innate predispositions to behave antisocially; based on the Darwinian idea that some people are genetically closer to their primitive ancestry than others.

A page of criminal faces from Lombardo’s ‘L'Uomo Delinquente’ (1876)

Lombroso’s Research:

• Believed that criminals represented a separate species that have not yet evolved into Homo sapiens.
• Collected data on physical measurements of Italian prisoners.
• Conclusion: criminals can be distinguished by physical abnormalities (ex: flattened nose, large ears, fat lips); he proposed a taxonomy of 5 criminal types (CPPB and J):
  • Criminaloids: crime due to bad examples.
  • Professional: crime as a trade.
  • Passion: crime as intense love.
  • Born Criminal: crime as a predisposition.
  • Juridicial: crime as impulsivity.

Related Research: Goring compared the physical measurements of 3000 prisoners to non-prisoners and found no differences.

Results: most criminologists do not support this theory but many view him as the father of modern criminology.

1.2 Sheldon’s Somatotypes

Theory: proposed a link between physical characteristics and personality (constitutional psychology). He proposed three somatotypes, with a correlation between somatotype and personality (temperament):

1. Endomorph: fat and soft – viscerotonia (sociable).
2. Mesomorph: muscular and hard – somatotonia (adventurous).
3. Ectomorph: thin and fragile – cererotonia (restrained).

People are classified on a 7-point rating scale for each category (ex: 1-7-1 is a pure mesomorph).

Research (the link between delinquency and physique): Sheldon predicted that mesomorphs would be related to delinquency because of their muscularity and need for adventure.

Results: research is inconclusive; he found that delinquents tend to be mesomorphic (and some endomorphic); recent research suggests there is no relationship.

1.3 Jacob et al’s Chromosomal Theory

Theory: violent crimes result from a genetic abnormality – the XYY supermale syndrome (males with 47 XYY) because the XYY makes people more masculine (and therefore more aggressive).

Research: research does suggest that XYY males exhibit impulsivity, low tolerance for frustration and low tolerance for anxiety.

Results: mixed results; the link is not specifically with violent crime (more with theft and sex offences), some XYYs aren’t criminals and most criminals aren’t XYYs.

1.4 Twin Studies

Theory: genetics play a big role in crime.

Research: meta-analysis of 13 studies revealed that 51.5% of MZ (identical) twins and only 20.6% of DZ (fraternal) twins are concordant for crime.

Results: heredity does play a role in primarily non-violent criminality but so does environment (see: adoption studies).

2. Sociological Theories of Crime

2.1 Merton’s Strain Theory

Theory: society encourages everyone to achieve the same goals without giving them equal opportunities to achieve them. The discrepancy between what society asks for and what the structure of our society permits is what causes crime. There are 5 ways of adapting to strain:

A Comparison of the 5 Ways to Adapt to Strain

Adaptation	Means (Opportunity)	Goals	Example
Conformist	Accept	Accept	Regular people (middle-high class society)
Innovator	Reject	Accept	Criminals
Ritualist	Accept	Reject	Low-income families
Retreatist	Reject	Reject	Drug addicts
Rebel	Accept new, rejects old	Accepts new, rejects old

2.2 Cohen’s Subculture Theory

Theory: where a subculture emerges within a dominant culture because they are isolated from society. This subculture has its own norms, values and belief system.

Focus: delinquent boys formed their own subculture where they could properly compete for status

2.3 Becker’s Labelling Theory

Theory: where a person is not deviant (or a criminal) until they are so labelled. This label creates outsiders by causing them to feel isolated and associate with other outsiders; this causes them to engage in the behaviour that society expects of them.

This theory examines the labelled, labellers and the impact of the label on the labelled.

source: http://www.edubook.com/

The Role of Music: To Bulid up Your Children Brain

"Researchers believe that musical training actually creates new pathways in the brain."

Music has a powerful effect on our emotions. Parents know that a quiet, gentle lullaby can soothe a fussy baby. And a majestic chorus can make us swell with excitement. But music also can affect the way we think.

In recent years, we've learned a lot about how the brain develops. Babies are born with billions of brain cells. During the first years of life, those brain cells form connections with other brain cells. Over time, the connections we use regularly become stronger. Children who grow up listening to music develop strong music-related connections.

Some of these music pathways actually affect the way we think. Listening to classical music can improve our spatial reasoning, at least for a short time. And learning to play an instrument may have an even longer effect on certain thinking skills.

Does Music Make Us Smarter?

Not exactly. Music seems to prime our brains for certain kinds of thinking. After listening to classical music, adults can do certain spatial tasks more quickly, such as putting together a jigsaw puzzle.

Why does this happen? The classical music pathways in our brain are similar to the pathways we use for spatial reasoning. When we listen to classical music, the spatial pathways are "turned on" and ready to be used.

This priming makes it easier to work a puzzle quickly. But the effect lasts only a short time. Our improved spatial skills fade about an hour after we stop listening to the music.

Learning to play an instrument can have longer-lasting effects on spatial reasoning, however. In several studies, children who took piano lessons for six months improved their ability to work puzzles and solve other spatial tasks by as much as 30 percent.

Why does playing an instrument make such a difference? Researchers believe that musical training creates new pathways in the brain. 

Why Classical Music?

The music most people call "classical"--works by composers such as Bach, Beethoven, or Mozart--is different from music such as rock and country. Classical music has a more complex musical structure. Babies as young as 3 months can pick out that structure and even recognize classical music selections they have heard before.

Researchers think the complexity of classical music is what primes the brain to solve spatial problems more quickly. So listening to classical music may have different effects on the brain than listening to other types of music.

This doesn't mean that other types of music aren't good. Listening to any kind of music helps build music-related pathways in the brain. And music can have positive effects on our moods that may make learning easier. 

What Can You Do?

Parents and child-care providers can help nurture children's love of music beginning in infancy. Here are some ideas:

• Play music for your baby. Expose your baby to many different musical selections of various styles. If you play an instrument, practice when your baby is nearby. But keep the volume moderate. Loud music can damage a baby's hearing.
• Sing to your baby. It doesn't matter how well you sing! Hearing your voice helps your baby begin to learn language. Babies love the patterns and rhythms of songs. And even young babies can recognize specific melodies once they've heard them.
• Sing with your child. As children grow, they enjoy singing with you. And setting words to music actually helps the brain learn them more quickly and retain them longer. That's why we remember the lyrics of songs we sang as children, even if we haven't heard them in years.
• Start music lessons early. If you want your child to learn an instrument, you don't need to wait until elementary school to begin lessons. Young children's developing brains are equipped to learn music. Most four- and five-year-olds enjoy making music and can learn the basics of some instruments. And starting lessons early helps children build a lifelong love of music.
• Encourage your child's school to teach music. Singing helps stimulate the brain, at least briefly. Over time, music education as a part of school can help build skills such as coordination and creativity. And learning music helps your child become a well-rounded person. 

source: http://www.educationoasis.com/

Earthworm as A Great Natural Medicine

The myth of Earthworm treatable disease, such as; Typus, fever, heart disease and stroke due to thrombosis, rheumatic, hypertension, diabetes, hemorrhoids, beauty skin and hair growth, not just talk, circulating in society.Some people feel disgusted with earthworms. Make no mistake, it was behind the smooth, earthworms save a lot of benefits. In fact, many people who take it to cure some disease, without effects, so safe to consume.According to the experiences of people who have a fever or high body temperature, with additional material earthworms consume their disorder increases.

According to a study done that earthworms are very high source of protein. Earthworms also contains several amino acids with a high level. One of them, worms Lumbricus Rubellus contain very high protein content approximately 76%. This is higher than the flesh of mammals (65%) or fish (50%) level. Several studies have proven the existence of the antibacterial protein extracted from earthworms that can inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria, gram negative dysenterica Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi. 

Earthworms also contains the active substance in the form of the enzyme, which consists of: 

a. lumbrokinase enzyme (restore & stabilize blood function). 

b. catalase peroxidase (slows aging) 

c. Lignase cellulose enzyme (restore & stabilize the digestive function.) 

d. arachidonic acid (to accelerate the formation of new cells). 

e. αE tocoferol (elatisitas maintain & skin rejuvenation). 

f. Taurine (speed up fat metabolism to increase energy). 

g. Nutrients: polyunsaturated fat, calcium, phosphorus, fiber.

To make a drink worm, a worm that first thoroughly cleaned first. To remove fishy odor and taste, worms usually boiled with ginger. After the stew is filtered and ready to drink. More delicious when added to honey or practical sugar.For practise, many worms that have been prepared in consumption. Worm Worm has been through the process of drying and put into capsules.

Myths about earthworms is fulfilled, besides earthworms can safely treat us in terms of commercial good-enough. Moreover, the Indonesian people already know very well with a single animal.

Earthworm packed in tablet

The benefit of worm as a natural medicine

I will share about the benefits of worm extracts for health, like:

• Working as a bio medicine, there is no side effects.
• Safe for all ages (very good for adults and children).
• Safe to consume in the long term and continuously.
• Safely used in conjunction with doctor medication, also enhance those drugs work.

Other diseases can be cured by earthworms

Type of earthworm which usually used as a natural medicine are Lumbricus rubellus, Eisenia poetida and Pheretima sp. This kind of earthworm useful for :

• Normalize the metabolism of human body cells.
• Nervous system (calming, eliminate cramps, lower the heat, stop the pain).
• Cardiovascular system (lowering blood pressure, normalize the irregular heartbeat).
• Immunological system (enhancing immune / immunity against disease).
• Respiratory system (widen nasal passages).
• Blood circulation (prevent formation of thrombus, prevent blood clotting, destroying a thrombus).

Based the information from various source and expert, there are many diseases can cured by the earthworm. Like :

• Healing typhus.
• Lowers cholesterol.
• Improve endurance of the body.
• Lowers high blood pressure.
• Increased appetite of eating
• Treat digestive tract infections such as typhus, dysentery, diarrhea and other stomach disorders such as an ulcer.
• Treat respiratory infections such as: cough, asthma, influenza, bronchitis and tuberculosis.
• Reduces aches because of fatigue or rheumatic.
• Lower blood sugar for diabetic.
• Healing hemorrhoids, eczema, allergies, wounds and toothache..
• Counteract nicotine.
• Healing encephalitis, pneumonia, stroke, inflammation of the ear, liver, acne.
• Maintain stamina of the body.

Research and Clinical Trials

• XUANWU HOSPITAL OF CAPITAL MEDICAL COLLEGE (Medical school). XIANGXI PEOPLE'S HOSPITAL and XIANXI MEDICAL COLLEGE doing research and clinical trials for Lumbricius Rubellus enzyme powder to 345 patients with blood disorders of the brain (cerebrovascelus ischemic disease) and effectiveness of treatment reaches 93% and 73% complete healing.
• CANADA RNA Biochemical Inc. develop the research on Lumbrokinase enzyme which found in Lumbricus Rubellus and managed to standardize this enzyme became a medicine of stroke. This medication is used to prevent blockage of coronary arteries (Ishemic) which invites the risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension and stroke.
• Prof.H.M. Hembing Wijaya Kusuma (medical expert  and medicinal plants). He said that earthworm extract contains 20 kinds of amino acids and proteins (76%) higher than fish or meat, Archidonat acid , lumbrokinase enzyme, peroxidase, catalase, cellulose, and lignase.
• Dr.Husein Ahmad, MD Ph.D (President Director of HOLISTIC INTERNATIONAL HOSPITAL). The best quality of Lumbricus Rubellus. That has the main function as an anti trombus with the "BIO ACTIVE" three main enzyme: Collagenase Enzyme, Fibrinolycin Enzyme, Protibinolycin Activator Enzyme, It's function for : Hipertention, Hipotention, Stroke, Thipoid, Improve the immune system. 

 

source: http://healthmad.com/